個人主義，集體主義和血清素傳遞基因的共同進化

From the paper:
Here, we demonstrate for the first time a robust association between cultural values of individualism–collectivism and allelic frequency of the serotonin transporter gene, controlling for associated economic and disease factors. Geographical regions characterized by cultural collectivism exhibit a greater prevalence of S allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene, even when cultural regions rather than nations served as the unit of analysis. Additionally, we show that global variability in historical pathogen prevalence predicts global variability in individualism–collectivism owing to genetic selection of the S allele of the serotonin transporter gene in regions characterized by high collectivism. Importantly, we also reveal a novel and surprising negative association between individualism–collectivism, frequency of S allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene and global prevalence of anxiety and mood disorder. Across nations, both collectivism and allelic frequency of the S allele negatively predict global prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders. Critically, our results further indicate that greater population frequency of S allele carriers is associated with decreased prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders due to increased cultural collectivism.

The current findings suggest a novel demonstration of culture–gene coevolution of human behaviour. Emphasizing social norms that increase social harmony and encourage giving social support to others, collectivism serves an ‘anti-psychopathology’ function by creating an ecological niche that lowers the prevalence of chronic life stress, protecting genetically susceptible individuals from environmental pathogens known to trigger negative emotion and psychopathology. These findings complement notions that cultural values of individualism and collectivism are adaptive and by-products of evolution, more broadly. For instance, recent evidence suggests that cultural values of collectivism also serve an ‘anti-pathogen defence’ whereby behavioural manifestations of collectivism, such as conformity and parochialism, function as buffers against the transmission and increased prevalence of disease-causing pathogens (e.g. malaria, typhus and tuberculosis) (Fincher et al. 2008). Our results provide novel evidence that geographical regions characterized by collectivistic cultural norms have a higher historical and contemporary prevalence of infectious diseases due, at least partially, to genetic selection of S allele carriers (Fincher et al. 2008). Taken together, these findings dovetail nicely as two examples of how cultural values serve adaptive functions by tuning societal behaviour so that social and environmental risk factors are reduced and physical and mental health of group members is maintained. Importantly, in the current study, we found that population frequency of the serotonin transporter gene was a singular predictor of cultural values of individualism–collectivism across nations, even when controlling for historical and contemporary pathogen prevalence. Hence, our findings illustrate that gene frequency plays a unique role in explaining global variation in the adoption of cultural norms and is fundamental to any comprehensive understanding of culture.

鄙人的英語著實一般，生物學除了動物行為學以外都非專業，簡單翻譯下，看官意會。

如圖，展示了各種文化價值表現的集體主義和個人主義，與人攜帶的serotonin transporter gene[羥色胺轉運體基因]之間的關聯,該染色體控制與疾病相關的經濟因素。在地理分布上，人群較為集體主義的地區的人羥色胺轉運體中s等位基因攜帶更為廣泛，甚至在以文化認知為而不是以國家為劃分的研究中也展示了這個結果。此外，我們還發現，通過研究病原體【pathogen】的傳播在環球的變化，個人主義-集體主義的個人由于羥色胺轉運體中s等位基因的遺傳選擇作用，導致某些地區（人群）高度集體主義。重要的是，由此我們揭露了一種全新的令人驚訝的負相關關系之于個人主義-集體主義：S allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene【以下簡稱SACOSTG，羥色胺轉運體中s等位基因】的攜帶頻率和焦慮與情緒障礙（抑郁癥）的全球分布。如果既集體主義而且SACOSTG攜帶程度低，則可預期會普遍的焦慮而情緒抑郁。至關重要的是，我們的研究還表明，如果有更廣泛的SACOSTG攜帶會減少焦慮與抑郁的發病率，因為這會提高文化中的集體主義成分（集體主義果然是嗎啡）

以下鼓吹集體主義作用的文字自己去看。

最后是說，通過基因的了解，能更好的了解各種文化。

這篇著作雖然比較左，而且對于什么病原之類的解釋從現狀看來很是站不住腳，眾所周知，日本人壓力很大，支國人焦慮煩躁，臺灣抑郁癥比例很高，都是第一章圖上幾個SACOSTG攜帶程度高的國家，該文提供了一個不錯的數據，但是他們衍生的結論比較胡搞。估計是幾個白癡覺得這在給希姆萊的學說添磚加瓦，不好意思，再加點似是而非的內容，一討論發現日本人活得長，于是搞出個集體主義比較抗病的結論出來。

這個結論還是比較符合普遍的認識的，美國個人主義強，uk比較難以理解，法德瑞典的排序也比較合理，這些國家由于主體人種的一致，差別全由制度產生。而東亞，確然尤其人種原因。但愿這個開頭不錯的研究別被政治正確之徒給排擠掉

圖中，集體主義程度最高的是支國，韓國，臺灣等，據本人的觀察，算是合理，支國韓國不必討論，臺灣人也算是全球第一愛搞多少多少人上街，多少多少聯署之類，基因里的因素，也確實讓臺灣產生不了一個保守派的本土政黨，現在無論藍綠，都有極其深厚的共產主義背景。而共產主義，人所皆知，是集體主義的極致